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Essay about The Evolution of Federalism - 981 Words

The Evolution of Federalism American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. The Articles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obvious that the Articles were not enough. This brings on the creation of Federalism (Reinventing American Federalism). In May of 1787, in the city of Philadelphia, delegates from all thirteen states met in order to â€Å"create a more perfect†¦show more content†¦The Supreme Court allowed this expanded role of federalism, and has allowed the federal government to create its own boundaries ever since in many areas including racial segregation (Brown vs. Board of Education), which gave the federal government powers that were originally assumed by the states (Reinventing American Federalism). Perhaps the greatest example of this took place on June 11th, 1963 when President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard, and forced Alabama’s Governor Wallace to step aside and allow Vivian Malone and James Hood, two black students, to register at the University of Alabama. The federal government overturned a decision made by the state (Simon). Cooperative federalism began to fade away with Johnson’s Great Society program. This program often enacted grant-in-aid programs that the states were not interested in, or were opposed to. The grant-in-aid policies not only affected a few state programs, but now affected many city programs as well. Causing many people to argue that the federal government was taking on a much bigger role than it was intended to. Reagan, during his administration fought to decrease the far-reaching policies of the federal government. He increased defense spending, social security payments and tax cuts, causing less money to be spent on grant-in-aid programs. The trend set by Reagan has been carried on throughout the more recent administrations. The role of the state andShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Federalism990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of the Constitution American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. The Articles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obviousRead MoreFederalism: Evolution and Effiency Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesFederalism is the system of government that divides power between a central government and the regional government. The idea of federalism came about after the American Revolution when the drafters of the Constitution were debating over the roles of the national and state governments. The Federalists carefully planned out their idea of federalism and ensured that their view would best handle their concerns and issues. In Madison’s Federalist 51, he explains many key concepts that he believed wereRead MoreThe Evolution of Federalism and Housing Policy Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesHamilton, and John Jay drafted the Federalist Papers to persuade the state of New York to ratify the newly drafted United States Constitution, they could never have envisioned the controversy that the political theory of Federalism would generate, and the subsequent evolution of federalism that would follow. The Framers of the Constitution never planned for the federal government to be directly involved with the general welfare of people living within the United States beyond ensuring for a national defenseRead MoreWhat Is Federalism1066 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: What is Federalism? Student: Danny Franco Professor: Tracy Herman POL 110 August 8, 2014 Bose, Dilulio, and Wilson (2013), state that in America, political authority falls under both national and state governments. This division of political authority between the two entities is called federalism. The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were in agreement that some degree of federalism was necessary; however, the amount of federalism that was to be written into the ConstitutionRead MoreWhat Is Federalism1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Federalism? Diana Reed POL110103 Professor Julie Waldon May 17, 2015 There are several systems of governments in the world today. Examples include Federalism, Monarchy and Democratic. Federalism is a form of command where two or more governments share authority over the same territory. In this system, the autonomy to carry out any state directive is given to State governments. In addition, there are other functions, which have to be made inRead More Power Shifts In Intergovernmental Relations: A Result Of Fiscal Feder835 Words   |  4 Pages Power Shifts in Intergovernmental Relations: A Result of Fiscal Federalism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fiscal federalism is the result of the states dependence on the national government for funds. Until 1913, the national government had minimal monetary resources, thus possessing little control over the affairs of the states. Once effected, the Sixteenth Amendment resulted in the amassing of government funds on the national level. This reserve of money enabled the national government to initiateRead MoreFederalism Is A System Of Government942 Words   |  4 Pagesgiven to the federal government is given to the people or the states. What is Federalism? Federalism is when more than one level of government is over the same individuals, over the same area, and amid the same time. Federalism in our system starts at the bottom with our local government in Tifton, the county government in Tift, the state government in Atlanta and the national government in Washington D.C. Federalism is a system of government in which powers are separated by a written constitutionRead MoreDifferences Between Unitary And Federal System1524 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: Federalism Usually people tend to take governmental institutions in account only at national levels. However, it is important to have a look at the lower levels as well, specifically at state or provincial levels. The major distinctions that can be made are between unitary and federal systems. Only the central government has the constitutional sovereignty and power in unitary system. The central government shares that constitutional sovereignty and power in subdivisions called, statesRead MoreThe Nine By Jeffrey Toobin916 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes and relationships focus around main ideas and specific aspects of the court. In order to further illustrate the Supreme Court’s relationship and complexities, Jeffrey Toobin details the way the Court is shaped by the outside factors, the evolution of values, recurrent cases and constitutional requirements, and even misconceptions. Throughout The Nine, Toobin illustrates the fact that many of the Supreme Court cases are not necessarily determined on a case by case basis or simply by the hearingsRead MoreThe Power Struggle of the States and Federal Government in the United States1536 Words   |  7 Pagesthe terminology of federalism to a simplistic way is the sharing of sovereignty between the national government and the local government. It is often described as the dual sovereignty of governments between the national and the local to exert power in the political system. In the US it is often been justified as one of the first to introduce federalism by the ‘founding fathers’ which were developed in order to escape from the overpowered central government. However, federalism in the United States

Michigan Free Essays

Despite the governor’s pretty language abot alternative fuels and efforts to create a partnership with Sweden for the development of alternative fuel use in Michigan, the state is still nowhere near where it should be in terms of use of alternative fuels. The reasons are simple and complex all at the same time. People don’t want to buy vehicles which use alternative fuels if they can’t buy that fuel at the local store and local stores don’t want to carry a product that no one is buying. We will write a custom essay sample on Michigan or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã‚   On a website for Ford Truck enthusiasts,   one consumer said he would love to have a biodiesel truck or a flex fuel Ford Ranger, but even with the incentives the state has adopted to promote the use of these fuels, they are not generally available at the corner store. In addition, Michigan’s incentives, such as a 12 cents per gallon sales tax credit on some alternative fuels, do not account for market fluctuations that are inherent in a system that relies on only ethanol and oil fuels. In the worst conditions, extreme versions of the summer of 2007, a drought in major corn-producing states could raise the price of ethanol and OPEC production games can increase the price of gasoline. Because biodiesel and other alternative fuels are not easily used in most vehicles, consumers are still caught in a Catch-22. Switching to one alternative fuel does not make it readily available. With diversification as the car manufacturers look for more efficient ways to propel their vehicles and save the environment,   consumers cannot be assured that their â€Å"alternative fuel† vehicle of today is not going to be an obsolete paperweight with no fuel available in just a few years. The sad thing is that for all the attacks on the automotive industry, Michigan and automakers are trying to come up with a solution for the environment and for business. Unfortunately, the businesses and researchers can’t agree on what the best alternative fuel source is.   Ethanol relies of the growing season, propane is still a fossil fuel and methane is difficult to transport safely. Biodiesel, a form of heavy vegetable oil, also requires good crops. With shifting weather patterns across the globe, manufacturers are loathe to rely on a system which necessitates a good growing season. Furthermore, many activists are now arguing that the farmland used to create corn and soy beans for use in alternative fuels further contributes to the global warming problem by destroying farmland. In short, Michigan is trying to address the alternative fuel needs of the state and the country, but until the technology and production capability meet, consumers are less likely to buy into the alternative fuel option than officials would like. Hybrids are popular, but largely unproven in terms of long-term mechanical durability and alternative fuel cars just aren’t attractive for mass consumption. Until Michigan can do something about the supply chain for alternative fuels and the reliability of cars built to use them, the alternative fuels effort in Michigan will be strong, but not terribly effective. How to cite Michigan, Essay examples

Corporate Law for Insolvency of Corporations -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Law for Insolvency of Corporations. Answer: A person who is capable of repaying his debts or loans on their due dates is considered as solvent under the Corporations Act 2001. Therefore, the person who is not able to repay his debts or loans on the due date is known as insolvent. According to the Australian law, corporations are considered as insolvent and individuals are considered a bankrupt. In Australia, the law of insolvency regulates the position of an organisation which is unable to pay back their debts or suffering from financial crises (Hensher, Jones and Greene 2007) According to the Australian Securities Investments Commission 2014, the companies which are unable to repay their debts are considered as insolvent. The process of organisations insolvency is regulated by Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). As per Wood (2007), the primary objective of this act is to maintain a balance between the benefits of debtors, creditors, and the public, in the process of insolvency. The long-term objective of an insolvent corporation is not considered by the law of insolvency. The goal of directors to restart the business of the company by reorganisation its structure is not permitted by the law of insolvency. According to Ramsey and Sim (2010), the financial crisis faced by organisations in its day-to-day working is the primary sign of a corporations insolvency. The following can be considered as the sign for insolvency of a corporation: The decrease in the liquidity and reputation Constant financial losses and bouncing of cheques Overdue creditors payments or taxes Lack of future planning and funds Incomplete financial statements Non-payment of taxes Difficulty is raising funding for operations Summons or warrants issued by the court against the corporation Low value of companys stocks The commission of taxation, after realising the above-mentioned financial crises of a company, issued a penalty notice against the corporation. This notice served to the directors of the organisations regarding the non-payment of companys debts. If the corporation failed to take proper measures in 21 days, the commissioner is authorised to recover the amount of unpaid taxes from the corporation (Australia 2015). After assessing the financial crises of a corporation, it is the duty of directors to seek professional advice from legal and financial experts to protect the solvency status of a corporation. According to Tomasic (2006), the legal professionals assist organisation by conducting a solvency review over the financial statements of the enterprise and provide alternative solutions to the directors. The Proper alert should be provided to the directors regarding the alternative available for the protection of the organisation. The alternative options include various processes such as reconstruction or internal management, reorganisation, refinancing, altering the companys procedure or employing an external administrator for managing the process of the company. The directors became liable towards the shareholder and creditors of the organisation if the enterprise declared as insolvent or is presumed to be insolvent in the near future. As per Wyburn (2014), the directors duty enforces them to stop any trading activity or carrying the business of the company when it is declared insolvent. The directors should collect all the necessary information regarding the financial status of the corporation. Further, if the trading conducted by a company after being declared as insolvent is not properly recorded, then legal actions can be taken against the directors of such organisation. There are several avenues available for an corporation to avoid the insolvency. According to Ziegel (1994), if the corporation is presumed to be declared as insolvent, the duty of directors is to avoid acquiring any new debt or loan. There are various types of internal and external restructuring, such as selling-off, recapitalisation, swapping the debts for equity, spinning-off, equity carve-outs, purchasing the leverages, paying back the debts, refinancing the business and compromising the creditor's arrangements. After declaring the insolvency, the parties of a corporation may decide to liquidate the company. As per Tribe (2012), the voluntary liquidation is also called creditors voluntary liquidation, in which the creditor or shareholder decided to liquidate the organisation. The parties appoint an independent liquidator to perform the activities of liquidation. The liquidator sells the corporations assets and uses such money to pay back the debts of the company. Another type of liquidation is based upon the order of the court. This liquidation is involuntary in nature and the court decides to wind up the company for the interest of its parties and public. In involuntary liquidation, the independent liquidator is appointed by the court to perform the duties of liquidation process and after completing the process a report is sent to the court regarding the actions taken by liquidation (White, Doole, Pannell and Florec 2012). Other than winding up the company, the creditors might decide to put organisation under external management. To protect the interest and share of creditors, the directors might decide to put corporation under external administration. The creditors hire an external administrator to manage the operation of the organisation, to operate and manage the corporations assets. The administrator has similar powers as a director of a company, and he is expected from suing by the creditors or any third party due to his actions. Without the administrative permission or courts approval, the creditors or any third party cannot file a lawsuit against the company. Following are few methods in which a corporation can be externally administered: Receivership: According to Wessels (2006), the court or creditors of an organisation decides to hire an external administrative to protect the interest of creditors by managing the asset of the corporation. The power of directors gets limited while the external administrator is appointed in an organisation. After the full payment of creditors debts and realisation of companys assets as provided by courts order, the duties and power of external receiver ended. Voluntary Administration: In this external administration, a qualified auditor is appointed to examine and operate the financial transactions of the corporation. As per Sellars (2001), the auditor provides his report and recommendations to the creditors and organises their meeting. The auditor provides assistance to the external administrative in his After finishing his work, creditors take actions regarding the future of the organisation such as: Whether the companys operations should be handled by directors or not The organisation should opt for deed of arrangement That the corporations should be wind up Deed of Companys Arrangement: In this case, a deed of arrangement is established between the creditors and the corporation with the direction of the independent external administrator. Lewis (2001) provided that the primary motive of this arrangement is to provide funds for the payment of creditors debt by selling the assets or by third-party After such payment, the authority of organisation is given back to the directors. The data provided by ASIC in the last quarter of the 2016-17 financial year, as the summary study of June Quarterly Statistics of 2017 provide a growth of 28 percent in the number of corporations seeking for external administration. Till June 2016, the quarters total has reduced by 3.7 percent and the percentage of corporations seeking external administration for the same quarter was lower than 4 percent (Symes and Duns 2012). There are several topical issues regarding the companys insolvency which are analysed after declaring as insolvent. According to Fletcher (2004), a liquidator is appointed in the organisation whose task is to examine the corporations transactions. The liquidator evaluates the decisions taken by key managerial personnel of the corporation. The liquidator ascertains whether the decision of key managerial personals was according to the interest of the company and all the compliance were followed accordingly. The liquidator decides whether directors are liable for decisions taken by them, or they have acted in good faith of the corporation. Kinsler (1997) provided that if the directors are liable then liquidator has an opportunity to collect the remaining amount of debt from them personally. The action of the director which is against the companys interest or breaches their duty can hold them liable for the liability and liquidator can recover damages from them. If the actions of directors were against the interest of corporation or creditors than liquidator can recover the damages from them. Goode (2011) provided that the directors, who have intentionally breached his duties or did not take actions while other directors were breaching their duties, shall be held liable for the payment of debts. The personal property of directors can be used by the liquidator for the payment of debts. Section 180-183 provides the provisions regarding the civil liability of directors under the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). The directors can be held liable for a sum of $200,000 based upon the directions of ASIC. If a loss suffered by a corporation which is directly related to the directors actions, then the court can hold such director liable for the payment of such loss. The breach of directors or the noncompliance of regulations can be held them liable for criminal liabilities. Any intentional fraud, dishonesty or not performing duties under the good faith for a corporation, to gain an unfair advantage which is detrimental for the organisation can hold a director liable for criminal actions. If the directors are found guilty of violating the regulations or breach of his duties, the application of section 1317E is provided by the court under the section 588G of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). The ASIC is authorised to examine the situation of the corporation upon the declaration provided by the court. The ASIC provides information to the court to apply the monetary penalties over director or whether the actions of the director were according to the provisions of the Corporation Act 2013 (Cth) (Purslowe 2011). The Australian Securities and Investment Commission or ASIC is authorised to regulate the aspects of the market and financial services of the corporations in Australia. The ASIC is authorised to register various accountants or liquidators to provide their services in companys insolvency procedure. According to Baxter, Gawler and Ang (2007), various powers and tools have been provided to the ASIC regarding the examination and enforcement of ASIC act and the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). The ASIC can initiate legal proceedings or give order for investigating corporations which contravene or did not implement the proper regulations. The Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association (ARITA) is a commission associated in Australia, to prove their support to the corporations who are on the verge of insolvency or restructuring, to help them maintain solvency through qualified professionals. The ARITA perform its actions according to the provisions of Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association, 2016 (Arnold, Ferrier and Murray 2014). Due to globalisation, the competition between corporations has grown significantly. Many companies face insolvency due to such competition or due to the wrongful actions of directors. While corporations are on the verge of insolvency, the interest of creditors and other financiers is necessary to be protected. The directors should perform their duties carefully to pay back the debts of creditors. There are various types of external regulators available for the organisations in Australia. The authorities manage and support the organisations while they are facing insolvency. ASIC have authority to examine the transaction of the company, based on the direction of the court, to ascertain that directors have performed their duties properly. The ARITA provide qualifies professionals assistance to organisations to avoid insolvency. Various facilities such as reorganisation or restructuring are provided by this commission to protect insolvency of corporations in Australia. Voluntary administ ration procedures used by corporations while insolvency is more cost-effective than other methods, which can assist directors to provide the payment of creditors. References Arnold, K., Ferrier, N. and Murray, M., 2014. A quarterly round-up of the ARITA Insolvency Specialist Team's work on law and practice issues.Australian Insolvency Journal,26(2), p.47. Australia, C.P.A., 2015. Small business survey program: Financial management, insolvency and fraud. Baxter, R.A., Gawler, M. and Ang, R., 2007, December. Predictive model of insolvency risk for Australian corporations. InProceedings of the sixth Australasian conference on Data mining and analytics-Volume 70(pp. 21-27). Australian Computer Society, Inc.. Fletcher, I.F., 2004. UK corporate rescue: recent developmentschanges to administrative receivership, administration, and company voluntary arrangementsThe Insolvency Act 2000, the White Paper 2001, and the Enterprise Act 2002.European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR),5(1), pp.119-151. Goode, R.M., 2011.Principles of corporate insolvency law. Sweet Maxwell. Hensher, D.A., Jones, S. and Greene, W.H., 2007. An error component logit analysis of corporate bankruptcy and insolvency risk in Australia.Economic Record,83(260), pp.86-103. Kinsler, J.S., 1997. Corporate Insolvency in Australia and the United States: Uncommon Origins, Dissimilar Objectives.Int'l. Trade Bus. L. Ann.,3, p.129. Lewis, P.B., 2001. Trouble down under: Some thoughts on the Australian-American corporate bankruptcy divide.Utah L. Rev., p.189. Purslowe, R., 2011. Decisions in the Twilight Zone of Insolvency-Should Directors Be Afforded a New Safe Harbour.U. Notre Dame Austl. L. Rev.,13, p.113. Ramsay, I. and Sim, C., 2010. Personal Insolvency in Australia: An Increasingly Middle Class Phenomenon.Federal Law Review,38, p.283. Sellars, M.A., 2001, February. Corporate voluntary administration in Australia. InForum for Asian Insolvency Reform. Insolvency reform in Asia: An assessment of the recent developments and the role of judiciary. Bali, Indonesia(pp. 7-8). Symes, C. and Duns, J., 2012.Australian insolvency law. LexisNexis Butterworths. Tomasic, R., 2006.Insolvency Law in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Tribe, J., 2012. Discharge in bankruptcy: An historical and comparative examination of personal insolvency relief in England and Australia.Insolvency Law Journal,20(1), pp.240-263. Wessels, B., 2006.International insolvency law(Vol. 2). Deventer: Kluwer. White, B., Doole, G.J., Pannell, D.J. and Florec, V., 2012. Optimal environmental policy design for mine rehabilitation and pollution with a risk of non?compliance owing to firm insolvency.Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics,56(2), pp.280-301. Wood, P.R., 2007.Principles of international insolvency. Sweet Maxwell. Wyburn, M., 2014. Debt agreements for consumers under bankruptcy law in Australia and developing international principles and standards for personal insolvency.International Insolvency Review,23(2), pp.101-121. Ziegel, J.S., 1994.Current developments in international and comparative corporate insolvency law. Oxford University Press.